Comparison of Public and Community Health - 3105 Words

Comparison of Public and Community Health: Pertinent History and Available Resources Comparison of Public and Community Health: Pertinent History and Available Resources The terms public health and community health are oftentimes mistaken to have the same definition; however, the terms although similar have different meanings, as well as implications in application as it applies to health. Both public health and community health serve the health needs of individuals within communities; however, each service began with different approaches to achieve the goals. This paper will define and compare public and community health, the associated objectives, and explore the pertinent history of each service as well as available resources.†¦show more content†¦1). Community Health services center in â€Å"the delivery of personal health care services to individuals, families, and groups† (Stanhope amp; Lancaster, 2008, p. 1) to positively affect the health of the community and includes the environment in which the population reside. Public and Community Health History and Resources History of Public and Community Health Numerous health emergencies in our nation over the last several hundred years have lead to the formal development of Public and Community Health programs and services. The widespread devastation of the effects of disease within the population of the nation and an inadequate supply of health care delivery services led to the development of schools, agencies, and providers of care to assist with decreasing death and disability of the population and within vulnerable populations such as the poor and underserved. Understanding how infectious disease affects health and the environmental conditions in which disease spreads was at the center of the early public health establishment. Diseases such as small pox, measles, cholera, diphtheria, pertussis, polio, meningitis, influenza and tuberculosis were rampant and caused many deaths. The spread of many of these diseases devastated whole communities and families and led the government to develop progra ms to track and stop the spread of disease. At theShow MoreRelatedComparison of Public and Community Health972 Words   |  4 PagesCOMPARISON OF PUBLIC AND COMMUNITY HEALTH Comparison of Public and Community Health University of Phoenix NUR/408 Michelle Hogsed July 7, 2014 . Comparison of Public and Community Health Public and community health work simultaneously as well as separately to protect the populations of the world. Public health focuses on the health of an entire nation and community health focuses on health and wellness of various communities. The World Health Organization (WHO) believesRead MoreA Comparison of Community Psychology and Public Health1179 Words   |  5 PagesA COMPARISON OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH. In this assignment the key differences and similarities of community psychology and the public health approach will be examined and critically compared. Community Psychology is a branch of psychology which is concerned primarily with achieving positive mental health in the broader context of the community rather than the individual. Public health is primarily concerned and focused on changing behaviours within the context of the public inRead MoreComparison with Community Psychology and Public Health1055 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The American Heritage Medical dictionary (Website one, 2007) defines community psychology (CP) as â€Å"the application of psychology to community programs for the prevention of mental health disorders and the promotion of mental health.† Public health (PH) on the other hand is defined as â€Å"the science and practice of protecting and improving the health of a community as by preventative medicine; health education; control of communicable diseases; application of sanitary measures and monitoringRead MoreComparison with Community Psychology and Public Health1049 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The American Heritage Medical dictionary (Website one, 2007) defines community psychology (CP) as â€Å"the application of psychology to community programs for the prevention of mental health disorders and the promotion of mental health.† Public health (PH) on the other hand is defined as â€Å"the science and practice of protecting and improving the health of a community as by preventative medicine; health education; control of communicable diseases; application of sanitary measures and monitoringRead MoreWe Call This A Community Health Needs Assessment ( Chna )1705 Words   |  7 Pagesthat â€Å"every public health agency regularly and systematically [collect, assemble, analyze, and make] available information on the health of the community, including statistics on health status, community health needs, and epidemiologic and other studies of health problems.† Today, we call this a community health needs assessment (CHNA). This is based on data collection, analysis, a list of health needs, and issues (Reed Fleming, 2014). This systematic process helps to determine the health needs ofRead MoreHealth Disparities : Transportation Equity And Applied Theories Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Disparities: Transportation Equity and Applied Theories Summary of the Problem and Applied Middle-Range Theory All people, regardless of demographics, race, age, or physical limitations, deserve to have access to available resources within their own community. According to the American Public Health Association (APHA), health equity is defined as: all individuals merit the opportunity to achieve optimal health (Health Equity, 2016); furthermore, health disparities are described as the â€Å"differencesRead MoreHealth Disparities Among African Americans1355 Words   |  6 PagesHealth disparities amongst African-Americans continue to destabilize not just the various communities but the health care system as a whole. Minority groups especially African-Americans are more probable to agonize from certain health illnesses, have higher mortality rates and lower life expectancy than another other race in the nation. Health disparities are complex and incorporate lifestyle choices, socioeconomic factors such as income, education and employment and access to care services. ForRead MoreThe Stigma o f Mental Disabilities773 Words   |  4 PagesThe concept of desirability has divided society in two groups. One group has been categorized as the higher- achiever and the other group as the low-achievers. This comparison has been embedded into society for so many years. During the 50’s it was used to protect white middle-class students. Today is mostly used to described people who have mental or physical impairments. Sleeter and Longmore researched how the concept of disability has had a negative development through the US society. SleeterRead MoreCompare the Lib vs Google Article959 Words   |  4 PagesSeptember 25, 2013 Abstract Comparison and contrast of the two articles I chose which are both on the same topic but from two different sources. From the Cline Library, the first article I chose was, â€Å"Review of the evidence for oral health promotion effectiveness,† which is from the Health Education Journal. The other article is titled, â€Å"A systemic review of the effectiveness of health promotion aimed at improving oral health† which I Google and found in Community Dental Health. Both articles have theRead MoreThe American Association Of Nurses907 Words   |  4 Pageshave identified American Public Health Association, an association of public health professionals in the United States and other professionals from health related fields. This association comprise of environmentalists, nurses, doctors, dentists and many other professionals. However, there is more clarity about nurses in the public sector. The American Association of nurses is one of the largest groups registered by APHA. I therefore, choose nurses as a group of public health professionals to research

Why All Sales Tax Should Be Banned Forever - 835 Words

Why should all sales tax be banned forever Everyone does shopping. It’s the way Americans live their daily life. It is from getting doughnuts at Quiktrip to buying an iPad. All these goods have to have a transaction in order for you to own it. Sales tax is an important part of this transaction. Everyday, people pay sales tax everyday for their purchases. Some states have high rates, and some states have low sales tax rates. Sales tax is a tax imposed by the government at the point of sale on retail goods and services.(Investopedia Contributors) It is collected by the retailer and passed on to the state.(Investopedia Contributors) Every Time you swipe your credit card, according to your state’s law, a percentage of the total amount worth of the goods is paid to the government. Inside the City limits of Tulsa, the sales tax and use tax is 8.517%.(â€Å"sales tax in Tulsa†) But when you go to another state and shop, such as california, the standard statewide rate of 7.50%.(â€Å"California City $ County Sales $ Use Tax Rates†) But when you shop online, it’s a different case, whether to pay sales tax depends on the retailer’s location. The current default rule throughout the United States is that you must collect sales tax on Internet sales to customers in those states where your business has a â€Å"physical presence†. (Steingold) From the point of shoppers, sales tax is annoying and should be repealed forever. Instead of just straight up removing the sales tax, the income tax should beShow MoreRelatedPros and Cons of Drug Legalization Essay1476 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pros and Cons of Drug Legalization Should drugs be legalized ? Drugs are resources that are capable of affecting theAmerican economy in many ways--both positively and negatively. Drugs often have a bad name even though they help us everyday in medical cases. and the drugs with the worst reputations are not the most abused drugs One may benefit from the legalization of drugs in many ways, while others would suffer greatly. Almost every person in the United States has their ownRead MoreHunting : The Benefits Of Wildlife Conservation1237 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough license sales and the excise tax on hunting equipment† (â€Å"Benefits† 1). There have been many federal efforts to create funding for conservation from hunting. The Pittman-Robertson act was established to raise funds for conservation by levying taxes and fees (Gooch 2). The Pittman- Robertson act has raised $10.1 billion since it was enacted in 1937 (Guiden 3). This money is used for conservation all over the country. According to The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service â€Å"the sale of hunting licenseRead MoreCollege Sports Gambling2514 Words   |  11 PagesWith all of the controversy of gambling in college sports, why is the issue still an issue? The answer is money. There were actions taken towards this by Congress, but the problem is that it was never completely abolished. Congress had made the mistake of creating a way around it. It is now commonly referred to as the Las Vegas loophole. They outlawed the betting nationwide with the exception of one state, one state that is the capital of gambling, Nevada. This has caused few changesRead MoreFiji Water Case Study13053 Words   |  53 Pagesbefore we had water in bottles. It is unnecessary. When you see water imported from Fiji in plastic bottles, you know it’s bad for the environment all round.† Lee Rhiannon, Australia’s Greens MP3 â€Å"I think the world is slowly going insane. No thanks but I prefer water in bottles, that way you know it’s clean and you know, healthy. Not a sacrifice people should make when plastic bags are still rampant. Those Greens are extremists and I don’t see this ‘tap water alternative’ ever being viable.† AnthonyRead MoreFor Against by L.G. Alexander31987 Words   |  128 PagesFOR ADVANCED STUDENTS OF ENGLISH L.G.ALEXANDER .... †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ ~ LONGMAN WNGMANGROUP UK UMITED Longman House, Burnt Mill, Harlow, Essex CM20 2iE, England and Associated Companies throughout the world  © Longman Group Ltd. 1968 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the PublishersRead MoreAnalylis Primark22310 Words   |  90 Pages PRIMARK Executive Summary This report consist of Primark Company‟s Strategic aspects. It contain detail analysis of Primark policies and future aspects. All strategies are derived accordingly the current market situations and competitive environment. So to round things off, Primark overall are not all bad but not brilliant. It s all very well having good value but if getting to the stock itself is such a deterring and unwelcome challenge then there is little point. Personally, I like to shopRead MoreModern History.Hsc.2012 Essay25799 Words   |  104 Pagespolicies / philosophies, many conservative points of view lost credibility and became unpopular, such as: * either pro-big-business or laissez faire (republican) economic policies, which had led to unsustainable and unbalanced rapid growth, * tax cuts for rich which had led to maldistribution of income and dangerously speculative investment, * protectionism (tariffs) * emphasis on ‘rugged individualism’ and Darwinist competition (‘survival of the fittest’) * opposition to reformRead MoreVarian Solution153645 Words   |  615 Pagesreservation price the consumer will demand one apartment, at any price above the reservation price the consumer will demand zero apartments, and exactly at the reservation price the consumer will be indiï ¬â‚¬erent between having zero or one apartment. You should also observe that when demand curves have the â€Å"staircase† shape used here, there will typically be a range of prices where supply equals demand. Thus we will ask for the the highest and lowest price in the range. 1.1 (3) Suppose that we have 8Read MoreWe Must Obey Our Elders17194 Words   |  69 PagesShould we OBEY our Elders A Photo of an Elder! A Tale of Correction ï‚ ©Ã¯  ´ By Ray Walter Swangkee ― The Colorful Peacock from Angel Ridge, Box 305H2, King’s Mountain, Kentucky 40442 The Divided States of United Lies! My E-mail Address is: theking@alltel.net, as in: â€Å"The King at TELL ALL, dot, Network of Truth.† Please Visit the most Beautiful, Enlightening, and Inspiring Website on the Internet, at: www.ThePeacock.com â€Å"O my Son, no one likes to Obey any Person that he or sheRead MoreCase Studies67624 Words   |  271 Pagesto use a specific analytical procedure to examine an organisation; others provide less structure, expecting students to learn by developing their own unique analytical method. Still other instructors believe that a moderately structured framework should be used to analyse a firm’s situation and make appropriate recommendations. Your lecturer or tutor will determine the specific approach you take. The approach we are presenting to you is a moderately structured framework. We divide our discussion

Non Extraction Treatment In Class Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Anterior and posterior arch breadths in the eyetooth and molar parts from the most labial facet of buccal surfaces the eyetooths and the grinders were measured with the aid of digital caliper on the survey theoretical accounts and compared statistically to find whether the dental arches were narrower after extraction intervention. Consequences: At the start of the intervention maxillary and inframaxillary intercanine breadths both groups did non differ statistically.At the terminal of Treatment in both the groups anterior and posterior arch breadths were same except for the intercanine dimension which was 0. We will write a custom essay sample on Non Extraction Treatment In Class Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 82 millimeter larger ( P lt ; 0.05 ) in the extraction group. Decision: The extraction intervention does non ensue in narrower alveolar consonant arches than non extraction intervention in intercanine and intermolar part. Clinical significance: The narrow dental arches are non the expected effects of extraction intervention so, esthetically compromising consequence of narrow dental arches on smiling is non a systematic out semen of extraction intervention. Cardinal words: Arch breadth Changes, Intercanine and Intermolar breadth, extraction and Non Extraction Treatment. Introduction: The extraction versus non extraction argument is about every bit old as the coming of orthodontias pattern and boulder clay today the quandary exists. Angle1 believed that all 32 dentitions could be accommodated in the jaws, in an ideal occlusion with the first grinder in Class I occlusion, extractions was bete noire to his ideals, as he believed bone would organize around the dentitions in their place harmonizing to Wolff ‘s law2. However this was criticised by Case who stated that extractions were necessary in order to alleviate crowding and assistance stableness of treatment.3 However depending upon clinical scrutiny, radiographic and accurate diagnosing the extraction determination should be taken. Assorted transverse and perpendicular malrelationships such as crowding, bulge of dentitions are observed in Class I malocclusion which can be handled by extraction or non-extraction intervention depending upon infinite disagreement.However the long term stableness in both interventions is surrounded by a contention. It is good documented fact that addition in dental arch length and breadth during orthodontic intervention tend to return toward their pre-treatment values after retention.4,5,6,7 One of the unfavorable judgment of extraction intervention is that it consequences in narrower arches as compared to non-extraction treatment,8.The popularity of non-extraction intervention are condylar supplanting, narrowed smilings accompanied by dark corners, dished in profiles with extractions and suboptimal inframaxillary growth.9-16 Some surveies claim that dimension alterations occur in both extraction and non-extraction treatments,17 18 It is believed that the pre-treatment values of intercanine and intermolar breadths present a place of muscular balance so it is suggested that the maintaince of these values provide postretention stableness 19,20.Strang21 and Shapiro concluded that inframaxillary intercanine and intermolar breadth dimensions have a strong inclination to get worse. In the past many surveies have been carried out to analyze the effects of extraction and non-extraction intervention but the decisions vary a batch which could be because of different intervention techniques, malocclusion types and sample size examined during these surveies. So the purpose of present survey was to compare dental condescending breadths alterations in Angle Class I malocclusion after extraction of first premolar and non-extraction with a homogeneous survey group in footings of malocclusion and intervention mechanics.The arch breadths were measured in inframaxillary arches because condescending breadths are normally established by inframaxillary arch. Materials and methods In this retrospective survey orthodontic survey theoretical accounts of 30 patients who had first premolar extractions and 30 patients treated without extractions were selected.in the extraction group there were 19 misss and 11 male childs with average age 14.2+-2.9 old ages and in the non-extraction group had 18 male childs and 12 misss with average age 14.3+_2.12 old ages All the patients were treated with preadjusted contraption by assorted teachers in a dental institute. While choice the undermentioned standards were applied All patients had skeletal Class I malocclusion All patients had full compliment of teeth upto 2nd grinders without any losing dentition, excess dentition, or congenitally losing dentitions. None of the patients had a adjunctive contraptions such as quad spiral, any functional contraptions, rapid palatine expander during intervention In the extraction group all patients had first premolar extraction as a portion of orthodontic intervention. With an digital calliper, the breadths of the anterior and posterior parts of the maxillary and inframaxillary alveolar consonant arches were measured in the eyetooth and the molar parts from the most labial facet of the buccal surfaces of those dentitions. The calliper was placed at the best estimation of a right angle to the palatine sutura in the maxillary arch and to a line bisecting the incisor section in the inframaxillary arch. The recorded breadths between the grinders were the widest distances between the first or 2nd grinders. The widest portion of the posterior portion of the arch invariably was in the 2nd molar part. Each distance was measured 3 times, and the norm of the 3 values was used as the concluding step. The duplicability of the measurings was evaluated by analysing the differences between 10 dual measurings of intercanine and intermolar distances, indiscriminately selected and taken at different times. The mistake of measuring was assessed by Dahlberg ‘s expression: Sx = where D is the difference between extra measurings, and N is the figure of dual findings. The mistakes were 0.21 millimeter for inframaxillary intercanine breadth, 0.60 millimeter for inframaxillary intermolar grinder breadth, 0.36 millimeter for maxillary intercanine breadth, and 0.21 millimeter for maxillary intermolar breadth. Means and standard divergences were calculated, and a 2-tailed T trial was used to find statistically important differences with P lt ; 0.05. Consequences The inframaxillary intercanine and intermolar breadths did non demo statistical differences at the start of the intervention in both the groups. ( Table 1 ) At the terminal of intervention the condescending breadths of both the groups were besides statistically similar except in inframaxillary eyetooth part. ( Table 2 ) The mean inframaxillary intercanine dimension was 0.82 millimeter larger in extraction sample than non-extraction sample. During intervention the average inframaxillary eyetooth width addition was 1.28mm in extraction group and the 0.66mm addition in non-extraction group which was non statistically important. ( Table 3 A ; 4 ) The inframaxillary intermolar breadths for both extraction and non-extraction group were non changed. Table 1. Pretretment inframaxillary intercanine and intermolar arch breadths: agencies and SD ( millimeter ) Extraction ( n=30 ) Non-extraction ( n=30 ) Significance Intercanine 30.47 AÂ ± 2.09 30.27 AÂ ± 1.82 Nitrogen Intermolar 59.25 AÂ ±2.92 59.05AÂ ± 1.67 Nitrogen NS-Not Significant Table 2. station intervention upper jaw and inframaxillary arch intercanine and intermolar breadths: agencies and SD ( millimeter ) Extraction ( n=30 ) Non-extraction ( n=30 ) Difference Significance Mx Intercanine 39.12 AÂ ± 1.98 39.84 AÂ ± 1.81 0.72 Nitrogen Md Intercanine 31.75 AÂ ± 1.84 30.93 AÂ ± 1.92 0.82 0.01 Mx Intemolar 61.01 AÂ ± 1.98 60.98 AÂ ± 2.09 0.03 Nitrogen Md Intemolar 59.81 AÂ ± 1.25 59.01 AÂ ±1.98 0.80 Nitrogen Mx- Maxillary ; Md- Mandibular ; NS-Not Significant Table 3.Mandibular intercanine and intermolar breadth alterations: agencies and SD ( millimeter ) Extraction ( n=30 ) Pre-Treatment Post- Treatment Difference Md Intercanine 30.47AÂ ± 2.09 31.75 AÂ ± 1.84 1.28 Mendelevium Intermolar 59.25 AÂ ± 2.92 59.81 AÂ ± 1.25 0.56 Md-Mandibular ; NS-Not Significant. Table 4.Mandibular intercanine and intermolar breadth alterations: agencies and SD ( millimeter ) Non-extraction ( n=30 ) Pre-treatment Post- Treatment Difference Md Intercanine 30.27 AÂ ± 1.82 30.93 AÂ ± 1.92 0.66 Mendelevium Intermolar 59.05 AÂ ± 1.67 59.01 AÂ ± 1.98 0.04 Md-Mandibular ; NS-Not Significant. Discussion The two grounds for which the extraction interventions are criticised are that they result in narrow alveolar consonant arches which are unesthetic because of big black trigons in buccal corridors and it is stated that the intercanine and intermolar breadths tend to diminish during station keeping period 5,19-22 Harmonizing to findings of the present survey the arch breadth in both eyetooth and molar part in the inframaxillary arches did non demo any statistical important results.in fact the arches in extraction group were about 0.82mm wider than non-extraction group. Although these findings might non fulfill some writers who support non-extraction interventions. The consequences of this survey can be compared with surveies on station intervention long term stableness in which inframaxillary incisor stableness was acceptable. The inframaxillary intercanine breadth increased 1.07mm in an extraction sample23 in contrast in non-extraction topics where the addition in inframaxillary intercanine dimension was less than 1mm in Class I 24,25 and Class II patients.. In boundary line instances the long term addition in intrecanine breadth was 1mm in extraction interventions and 0.5mm in non-extraction 26 treatments.Luppanapornlarp and Johnston found that inframaxillary intercanine breadth of extraction topics was greater at all phases of intervention in extraction instances than in non-extraction instances which indicate that extraction of 4 first bicuspids does non bespeak narrowing of arches.27BeGole et Al 28 found 1.58mm addition in extraction sample as compared to 0.95mm in non-extraction sample.Udhe et al 29 found a larger addition in extraction group than in non-extraction group. Gianelly 5 studied inter arch alterations of extraction and non-extraction groups and found that the alterations in maxillary and inframaxillary arch breadths indicated that extraction intervention does non ensue in narrower arches than non-extraction groups. This determination is in conformity with the present study.On the footing of constructs documented in the literature13,30,31 1 might anticipate narrower arches after extraction.However Kim and Gianelly suggested that the breadths of the both the arches were 1-2mm larger when compared with the condescending breadths of non-extraction group at a standardized arch depth.The intermolar breadths of both the groups were same after intervention this determination supports the position of Johnson and smith32. Who stated that arch breadth at any peculiar location is maintained or somewhat increased after extraction. Weinberg and sadowsky33 found important addition in inframaxillary intercanine and intermolar breadth in class1 malocclusion treated non-extraction and stated that the enlargement of buccal sections in the inframaxillary arches helped in declaration of Class I herding. However 16 out of 30 patients had some sort of palatal expander which might hold contributed to inframaxillary enlargement In the present survey no interventions were given for enlargement. To some research workers maxillary arch breadth is deciding of smile esthetics,34, the maxillary arch breadths in extraction and non-extraction groups were same so it can be expected that the intervention effects in maxillary arches will be the same, and there will be no difference in esthetic tonss in both the groups.In fact the intercanine breadths in extraction groups were wider than non-extraction group. However the hereafter surveies in the maxillary arches in assorted malocclusion categorizations with assorted intervention mechanics will be productive. It is stated that enlargement more than 1-1.5mm in intercanine enlargement is unstable so appliances designed to increase arch width more than this were non used in the present survey. On the footing of findings of the present survey it can be said that extraction instances do non ensue in narrow dental arches than non-extraction instances and thereby do non hold compromising consequence on smiling esthetics and stableness of orthodontic intervention. However future surveies with assorted malocclusion groups, intervention mechanics, larger sample size and long term alterations in arch dimensions will be utile. Decisions The present survey findings indicate that the premolar extractions to alleviate crowding does non ensue in narrowing of dental arches in extraction interventions when compared to non-extraction interventions. A proper intervention program and intervention mechanics in accurately diagnosed instance can ensue in intervention success regardless of extraction or non-extraction intervention. Clinical significance: The narrow dental arches are non the expected effects of extraction intervention so, esthetically compromising consequence of narrow dental arches on smiling is non a systematic out semen of extraction intervention. How to cite Non Extraction Treatment In Class Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

How Might Pricing Decisions Be Influenced by Knowledge of the Product Life Cycle free essay sample

How might pricing decisions be influenced by knowledge of the Product Life Cycle? Product Life Cycle (PLC) shows the stages of a new product going through in the market place. In general, a product goes through introduction, growth, maturity and decline. The application of the four stages of PLC can assist firms to plan marketing mix decisions. Hence, price setting of a particular product can be influenced by its PLC over the four stages. For mass market with high competition and a new brand of known product, price penetration will be practised at the introduction stage where sales are often low. It is a pricing strategy that price is set relatively low at the launch of a new product. This is because common products have many substitutes and consumers are sensitive to price change. Thus, low price can discourage competition with the substitutes so that firms can capture large market share quickly and penetrate deeply into the market. We will write a custom essay sample on How Might Pricing Decisions Be Influenced by Knowledge of the Product Life Cycle? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is effective in creating market awareness among similar products. However, price skimming is practised for niche market with low competition and innovative products at the introduction stage. It is a pricing strategy that price is set at high at the launch of a new unique product. It is to cover expensive RD costs by making relatively high short-term profits and reflect high quality image. Besides, high profit margin is necessary to compensate low demand. Consumers are not very sensitive to price change and there is less competition in the short term. Thus, the price for an unproved new innovative product is set at high at the introduction stage for as long as it can hold its strong position. At growth stage where sales are growing rapidly, the previous pricing strategies applied at the introduction stage will still be practised to strengthen the respective objectives. Hence, price penetration will still be practised for common product. Price will continue to be set at low to further expand market share as now product is accepted and well received by the market. For innovative product, market skimming will be practised. Price will continue to be set at high as a signal of high quality. Firms will attempt to build up consumer loyalty before the entry of competitors. When it comes to maturity stage where maximum sales are achieved, competitors are likely to be entering the market. There will be a need for firms to keep prices at competitive levels. Firms have to consider either match or beat competitors’ prices. For known product which price penetration was previously used, the price now will gradually increase to meet competitors’ prices as consumer loyalty is built and it is recognised by the market. For innovative product which price skimming was previously used, the price now will gradually reduce as competition starts to set in. Consumers are becoming sensitive to the price change now and a lower price may discourage competition with the substitutes. Firms will aim to retain the market share by capturing sales from weaker rivals. However, there is a risk that a reduction in price might create a perception that the quality is sacrificed. In this case, sales and profits may be adversely affected. Besides, price discrimination can likewise be practised by firms during maturity stage if the market can be segmented. In this case, a product will be sold at different prices to different market segments. If this occurs, firms will consider the price elasticity of demand for price setting at different market segments to increase total revenue. Thus, products which are price elastic should be charged at lower prices. In contrast, products which are price inelastic should be charged relatively higher. At decline stage where sales are dropping steadily, firms will choose to cut prices. Profit is falling and product at this stage becomes obsolete and in some cases, it may cause harm to a firm’s reputation. Firms will seek to cut expenses to exploit the remaining profits and gain last batch of sales or clear stock to eliminate the product. Although pricing decisions made based on the PLC of the products may not always bring business a success, there are likely to be common links between the phases of the PLC and the nature of the price, product, promotion and place decisions taken by the firm. Somehow, PLC is only a model and the managers should not follow exactly the standard life cycle for every product. Therefore, the pricing decisions will also depend on competitors’ actions, the state of the economy and the marketing objectives of the business.

Born Global Company free essay sample

McDougall says â€Å"Born global company refers to the business organizations that, from inception, seek to derive significant competitive advantage from the use of resources and the sale of outputs in multiple countries †[1] A more quantitative definition, from another source, describes born globals as â€Å"companies who have reached a share of foreign sales of at least 25 per cent within a time frame of two to three years after their establishment†. [2] Born globals tend to be at a young age, medium-sized, which is obtaining a sustainable part of revenue from the sale of outputs in foreign countries. Also, there are many agency has investigated the how young the global born company is. However, they have found that the average age of the global born company is within three years. The global business is on a developing stage. According to the statements, the born global must be a young firm who has gained a portion of revenue from exporting their products. We will write a custom essay sample on Born Global Company or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are four reasons about why the global born company emerge. †¢ The niche market †¢ Entrepreneurship †¢ International management experience †¢ Net work The first one is the niche market. That the some organization realized that their resources and market are limited, which often happens in the countries with small domestic markets. They need to develop and focus on strategies to achieve international marketing goals to enlarge its market and make more profits. The niche market is crucial for the born global firms. The more accurate market they focus on,the more market share and more leading position they will get. [3] The second one is the entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is always among the born global firms, which is summarized as hardworking, pioneering innovation, the keen-to-change, the commitment to keep-faith, and the self-correcting inclusiveness. [4] The innovation plays an essential role in the entrepreneurship. The businessman who created born global company must have this entrepreneurship inside him. The third one is the international management experience. Competition is more fierce, which bring much benefits for the global firms, especially for managers who had working experience in abroad or who is with international background. They has outstanding profile in the industry and could give its unique knowledge and ability to look for the opportunities and develop its idea with a global vision. In addition, the company’s creativity and ability to find the optimal solutions through combining the available resources that can make the maximum value for the company is also a reason that contribute to global business. The fouth factor, network, also make contribution to the emergence of the Born Global Company. The enterprise network is based on interpersonal relationship. This interpersonal relationship network was established and demonstrated by cluster production and specialization. [5] Many people choose to study abroad. And the relationship network in turn contributes their businesses. Some born global companies choose to set up their factories abroad in order to avoid marketing risk. Then with the development of the zone, many firms are attracted to settle overseas factories due to the supply chain. [6] The example of the Born Global Company Logitech, the computer peripherals company who is the one of the excellent early examples of born-global firm. Focusing first on the PC mouse, the firm was established by two Italians and a Swiss. The company’s operations and research and development were firstly devided between California and Switzerland. The firm then expanded quickly in Ireland and Taiwan. Logitech hold 30 percent of the global computer mouse business by 1989 with its high quality of products, having $140 million in revenues. Its creative and stylish products contributed Logitech to be a global leader in computer peripheral devices. [] Logitech, nowadays, is a leader enterprise in the industry of the designing and manufacturing of computer peripheral devices. The technologic development and the research and the development are two important parts in the Born Globals. However, the human resources should choose the people who have technical profile. Technology is a key tool for Born Globals to coordinate networking with suppliers, contractors and all the members of the international network[9] It is also a channel of production, communication, and sales and connections with customers at the same time. [10] The institutional network is used by company to get the financial resources in order to be qualified to set up the innovative business. The conditions of the Born Global to be created Most of the born global firms are technological firms as result of some reasons. There are some conditions should be taken into the consideration. †¢ The potential customers of the company is people outside the home county †¢ The potential customers of the company may need the foreign products. †¢ The company have advantages in the field of industry globally †¢ The company’s competitors has already been internationalized or will be internationalized soon †¢ The products of the company is closely related to the logistic †¢ The products of the company has encountered new problems †¢ The market in the home country can meet the company’ needs The Born Globals must have a specific strategy that which activities should be performed in the home country and which activity should be outsourcing due to considering the efficiency and quality. The phenomenon of globalization was produced by technological progress. Some people think that globalization has resulted in a convergence of consumer demand. However, other people believe that improved technology infrastructure for the global marketing strategy’s implementation and other pressure increased competitive pressures caused by the global market. The globalization is consistent with the global marketing strategy . The impact of the Internet in the global marketing strategy to receive more attention due to the global nature of the Internet and communication possibilities. The born global are recognized as the young company, which is ambitious, niche focused, advanced with the great international vision. The global importance and standardization of global brand was born with the benefits of globalization . Global variables to achieve the the b2b born global stage , which is more than 50% of the total sales in mainland of China , with the companys global brand , global standardization . In addition , the empirical evidence suggests b2b born more dependent based on global marketing , promoting the emphasis on individual sales professional characteristics of their products for the global market segments in the industrial market . How are the born-global firms be able to avoid the stages of internationalization the born-globals ? The Born Globals definitely has special characteristics, which differed from the traditional international firms. Then I will describe it as below. 1) Most of the companies has many activities in the international markets The company started exporting global products or services after they found a few years and exporting 25 percent or more of the total output of the company. Many of them promote their international business through the stages and direct investment. From Denmark, beginning of internationalization and internationalization is not necessarily the objective process of founding. [7] Decided to participate in the process of internationalization of the company into a system by the nature of the new company. The special kind of technology is developed and produced by the companys expertise in a particular industry sector , the value chain , or market. [8] Other studies from Norway and France slightly different results , suggesting that specific market situation is very important . A born global , rather than a birth place or late global depends on the extent to which the company s early decisions. 2) Limited resources Most of born globals have encountered such of problems that the financial resources and tangible resources are limited. The global company is prone to be relatively small , which have less financial , human and physical resources compared to the large multinational corporations that are considered to be the leading global trade and investment. [9] 3) The managers have outstanding management skills The manager of the company do not regard the overseas markets as a pure addition to their home country’s market . They have a strong entrepreneurial mentality . They take the initiative and actively competitions in the international markets , they take risks, and to make innovations. The discovery of creativity , knowledge and wisdom from highlighting the importance is from the United States, Australia , the United Kingdom ,Canada, New Zea-land , Ireland , combining the role of the top management team and personal qualities , is not just a single entrepreneur. The skills of the senior management team have been found very key that the more active forms of internationalization , especially in knowledge-based industries. 4) Focusing on the different strategy Born global companies are usually advanced technology than other traditional companies. They are set up to develop business opportunities when new products and services’ quality and design is better than the competitor’s. 5) The company will use external intermediaries in the overseas market Most companies in the international expansion of the world engaged in direct international sales through exports or foreign resources independent intermediaries located [10]. Most of them depend on the external coordinator organization international shipments . Export and use of independent intermediaries allows flexible international business , including the ability to enter or exit the overseas market relatively quickly and easily . More experienced the global companies seem to take additional strategies. For example joint ventures and foreign direct investment. [11] From the characteristics of the born global company that I described above. I can easily make a conclusion that the born global companies can neglect the stages that the traditional international firms should focus on. That is the domestic market. This is because the born global companies are born to aim at the foreign markets. The marketing strategy they use is to meet the foreign customers’ needs. So they must do researches about the foreign market instead of the domestic market. The Born Globals begin with the leaders who holds the solid industry and international experience, unique knowledge, unique know-how that make them to bring creative methods into the international market. [12]And are motivated by desire to develop the market, which can bring him more benefits. Besides, the global vision of the leader is very essential, and it can makes him identify a true international business opportunity. Once the opportunity is identified by the managers, the company should take action quickly to desseminate its innovation and grasp the market share before the competitors arrive. What risks should be managed for the born global company? Not only the born global companies, every company will encounter kinds of risks if they want to make global business. And companies should know how to manage the risks or how to minimize them to the greatest extent. Only through managing the risks well, then the companies can make a successful global business. There are several kinds of risk should be noticed 1) Political risks As we all know, the born global companies is aiming at the foreign markets. If they want to make global business in other country. The managers should take considerations about the politics factors of the host countries. The political affairs and volatility is difficult for businesses to effectively in overseas countries because of not positive publicity and the individual effect of the government. A company cannot efficiently run all of its competence to make the most profits in the unstable country and unstable market. Just imagine that, if the present government are replaced by the new government. What about the foreign assets in the host country. There are several ways to manage the politics risks. The first one is to buy the international insurance. But the international insurance is very expensive, so it can also bring us the financial risks. The international insurance is only an option, not the only one. Also, the company can be proactive. The companies can hire a special manager to manage the political risks such as unstable political climate, the new president. All of these factors can make an effect on the businesses. The risks can be avoided by the examination and analysis of the current situation of the host countries. And another way to avoid the political risk is taking action when they come. Most of people do not believe this, but it is really useful. But the companies need to have strategies and the capacity to solve it. Finally, I would recommend that the company avoid the political risks by add diversity. Investment in basic principle is simple and versatile , so they are also applicable in this case . If the company want to invest in foreign countries. They cannot put all your eggs in one basket, which is too risky. Think about that political risks just will have influence on one part of the investment at a time . This is the most important method to avoid political risks. 2) Technological risk Technological risk is a little part of the risk the company should take into consideration and to manage. If the company is short of the security in electronic business. The firm gets a high possibility of losing the costs of development of the technology and fail to develop the new product. If all of this happen at the same time. It will be very dangerous. 3) Currency risk The currency risk can bring the company the big financial problem, if the company do not manage the exchange rate risk. It will lead to a severe financial loss in the coming year. So it’ is very necessary to deal with if for the company can operate normally. And there are a couple of ways to minimize it. Firstly, the company can negotiate use US dollars to pay or receive. The currency risk can be transferred to another party through this way. Also, the company can be proactive about the currency risk. The CFO of the company must consider the future exchange rate before accepting a project. But it’s difficult for everyone to predict the foreign exchange rate. But the managers can make a hypothesis through reviewing the previous exchange rate. Another should be taken into consideration is that to think over the discounting. The company should check the exchanging rate carefully when sell the products or service into the foreign market. Finally, the diversity should also be included. Diversity can minimize the all of the risks. So if the company make an expansion to the marketing more countries, the risks can be avoided efficiently. 4) Credit risk The credit risk is related to financial crisis in 2008, which is a part of the international trade that the born global must encounter. The financial crisis still have some negative effect on today’s market. And it also can bring the born global company a severe financial management problem in the next year. So it’s every urgent to manege it. And there are a couple of ways to manage it efficiently. One way is to build the safeguards to minimize the negative impacts of the low frequency and the financial beings. The CFO of the company should make sure that the company now is capital oriented and emphasizing gaining the cash instead of the growth. Also updating the financial competence of the born global company is also every necessary and urgent. Finally, the born global company can build a good relationships with the banks. 5) Environmental risk The environmental risk is related to the environment problems in the host country. For example , if the company has settled a factory in the host country. It definitely will have a negative effect on the community the factory is in. There will air pollutions, water pollutions, noise pollutions. What’worse, it will negatively influence the local customers’ buying competence. So the born global company must make compensations to the local people to build a good reputation. 6) Terrorism risk Terrorism risks are formed by cultural differences and religious philosophy and abnormal citizens of host countries. This may cause some bad affairs such as the sabotage, kidnapping of the managers and employees. The terrorism risk is unexpected and difficult to be controlled. The only thing the born globals can do is to minimize the negative effects the terrorism risk brings. The company can buy insurance for the assets of the company , managers and employees. Conclusion The Born Globals must have a specific strategy that which activities should be performed in the home country and which activity should be outsourcing due to considering the efficiency and quality. [12] there are also some stages that the born globals can avoid compared to the traditional international business. Furthermore, all of the successful born global companies has excellent management skill of the risks. Only through managing the risks that the company will encounter in an appropriate way that the born global companies can develop fastly and steadily. References: [1]. McDougall and Oviatt (2000), â€Å"International entrepreneurship: the intersection of two research paths†, Academy of Management Journal [2]. McKee, D. , Conant, J. , Vanesa P. R. and Mokwa, L. (1993), â€Å"Success-producer and failure-preventer marketing skills: a social learning theory interpretation†, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science [3]. David, C. and Farley, J. (1998), â€Å"Measuring market orientation: globalization and synthesis†, Journal of Market-Focused Management [4]. Maurer, J. (1999), The Proactive Personality Disposition and Entrepreneurial Behavior among Small Company Presidents, 37, 1; [5]. Bell, J. (2003), Towards an Integrative Model of Small Firm Internationalization Journal of International Entrepreneurship [6]. Cavusgil, S. T. (1980), On the Internationalization Process of Firms, European Research [7]. Saarenketo, S. (2002). Born globals Internationalization of small and medium-sized knowledge-intensive firms. 8]. Servais, P. Rasmussen, E. S. (2000). Different types of international new ventures, paper presented at the annual meeting of academy of international business [9]Youting Z. (2004). The born global firm, concept, phenomenon, cause and enlightenments (in Chinese). [10]. Garten, J. (1997), The Big Ten: The Big Ten Emerging Markets, Second Edition [11]Oviatt, McDougall (1995). Global Start-ups: Entrepreneurs on a Worldwide Stage. Academy of Management Executive [12]. Gray, B. (1997), Profiling Managers to Enhance Export Promotion Targeting, Journal of International Business Studies

proportional representation essays

proportional representation essays Americans continue to be disillusioned and apathetic toward politics. Cynicism about candidates and parties is common and voter turnout is low. There has been some talk for changing the election system in this country, campaign finance reform, and term limits are two of the ideas put forward. However, what some feel should we be doing is replace our present, winner-take-all election system with proportional representation (PR) elections. Leaders of most alternative parties, including the Libertarians, the Greens, and the New Party, are pushing for the change to PR. Even a Harvard Law professor, Lani Guinier* has concluded that proportional representation would be the best way to give minority voters fair representation. Proportional representation comes in many varieties, but they all share two basic characteristics. First, they use multi-member districts. Instead of electing one member of the legislature in each small district, PR uses much larger districts that elect several members at once, five or ten, for example. Second, which candidates win the seats in these multi-member districts is determined by the proportion of votes each party receives. Eliminating the problem of one winner of the district from misrepresenting the section of the population that did not vote for them. Those people would have their own representation. This system would then help ensure more balanced and fair representation to women and minorities. Under the current system there is no representation for these groups and their agenda if their candidates are not elected, as they are usually a minority and do not have the voting power. A 5 member PR district, which is populated 80% white and 20% black, if the population voted strictly along racial lines, the African American still elect one representative. Proportional representation would also eliminate the problem of gerrymandering, a problem of the single-member per district system. District ...

Define TQM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Define TQM - Essay Example ic upon seeking to manage the organization as a whole and develop all of the processes and levels of integration that exist within it in such a manner that a level of synergy can be realized between all of these factors (Alfalla-Luque et al., 2012). Obviously, as can quickly be noted, such an approach is difficult to achieve on any macro scale and ultimately breaks down into a situation in which micro processes will dictate whether or not total quality management, or some lesser achievement, will ultimately be realized. Whereas many different approaches to management had existed over the past several decades, total quality management, although still employed within a litany of different fields, has not experienced the same widespread level of success that it did during the late 1980s and early 1990s (Zatzick et al., 2012). Instead, approaches such as ISO 9000 and Six Sigma have permeated the management field and slightly turned the focus away from total quality management; at least a s compared to what it was two decades ago. Alfalla-Luque, R., Marà ­n-Garcà ­a, J. A., & Medina-Là ³pez, C. (2012). Is worker commitment necessary for achieving competitive advantage and customer satisfaction when companies use HRM and TQM practices?. Universia Business Review, (36), 64-88. Zatzick, C. D., Moliterno, T. P., & Fang, T. (2012). Strategic (MIS)FIT: The Implementation of TQM in Manufacturing Organizations.Strategic Management Journal,  33(11), 1321-1330.

Psychology ADULT DEVELOPEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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The Korean War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Korean War - Essay Example Needless to say, all these great cultural symbols are very much part of the common civilization of the Korean people. The Korean people are still haunted by the specter of the Korean War, which they found in the interests of their imperialist masters. There still exist chances for unification of the Korea as wished by many millions of Koreans through reconciliation and remorse. The Korean War and its After Waves The degradation of Korean monarchy and its subsequent destruction by Japanese imperialism lies at the root of the problems in the Korean peninsula. The Korean liberation from the clutches of Japanese imperialism was the first real opportunity to be one under the labels of singular national culture and unified national language. Importantly, both the Korean language and cultural national identity were being systematically destroyed under Japanese tutelage. According to Pihl, â€Å"many Koreans saw the 1945 Liberation as the first opportunity in their history to be truly Korea n in their own land† (79). One of the primary aims of the national liberation of Korea was to establish a single body of Korean literature based on newly found self awareness. But, the beginning of the civil war again blocked the free development of the Korean literature and there emerged not a single body of literature but a South Korean literature and North Korean literature. The emergence of South Korea and North Korea as a result of the division of nation was not characterized by the founding of two new distinct nations as such. On the other hand, the newly formed two countries were equally the distorted versions of a single nation. It is war that constituted the two countries, not any progressive or productive developments. It is interesting to note that [i]n Korean, the 1945 liberation is called Kwangbok, â€Å"Glorious Recovery†, but it was neither glorious nor a recovery and, worse, it was capped by an internecine war of horrifically compressed violence that spe ared no corner of the country† (Pihl, 82). The national awareness which was a product of the national liberation in 1945 unfortunately did not last long as aspired by millions of Koreans. As the divisions between the two parts of the country widened, it reflected as emptiness in the national cultural as well. â€Å"The most ironic formative experience of the 20th century for Korean literature began with Liberation on August 15, 1945. Koreans regained a country that had been lost to Japanese imperialism, only to lose it again to Russian and American imperialism† notes the well-known Korean literary commentator Pihl (82). The Korean civil war had multiple reasons for come to existence. It was the direst result of the division of the country in the August 1945. It was America that played the prominent role in dividing the Korea and there established a colonial authority which was composed of comprador Koreans. After that, the former Soviet Union too played a crucial role i n keeping the division between two Koreas intact as it was necessary for ‘building socialism’ regardless of the basic unity and integrity of the Korean civilization. Thirdly, the internal divisions among the Koreans also have its due share in the division of the country as perpetuated by the ruling elites. The dialectical irony is that, as elaborated by the well-known theorist Cumings, â€Å"

IQ Tests Are Not An Accurate Measure Psychology Essay

IQ Tests Are Not An Accurate Measure Psychology Essay IQ testing is very limited. They do not see how people view things. While someone may be bright personality, they may not be easy to decorate ADEPT sunset well. They can postulate ADEPT idea of space, but so vague they can not pass on dialogue more than a couple of seconds. Their brains can really incredible places equations and brilliant designs, but they tricked there, unable, which will be expressed in another and vice versa. An intriguing look at understanding the idea of multiple intelligences, Howard Gardner. He admits a lot of space Intellect, in which people tend to Excel in various ways. Some of the intelligence: melodic, linguistic, logical-mathematical, kinesthetic and spatial. You can see how the various disciplines will rely more on one than the other, which allows for each of them one by one, to find their power and as a consequence, the chase area. IQ test is often inaccurate. They do not check understanding. In addition, they do not count for abstract thinkers. I am very clever, but my IQ round 90 (below average). Some testing is designed to abstract thinkers (I) and the only one; I correspond to 125 (above average). In addition, they do not take into account such things as dyslexia. Einstein IQ was about 100 (he was dyslexic). Problems from the IQ test includes: 1. it is not clear that they actually test. 2. Coaches may increase the label by 10 points or more, so much SPAN, they check their familiarity with the types of queries asked. 3. In a study conducted in West Africa (Guinea-Bissau), about 25 years ago proposed a large-scale determinant of all or not, if the children went to school. Children who were not in school are puzzled by question-answer solemn and only to a reduction of points. 4. So-called query language is not related to the knowledge of foreign dialects found in the school. 5. Maturity (sometimes now referred to as emotional intelligence) is very significant, but it is not checked in the tests of IQ. For the demonstration, though brilliant, you can be on the numbers and physics, it can be restricted if you use Furious obtained easily. You need to get together with others, are attached to competently without aggression, which will be informative for those around you, and so on. Loss of the efforts that you do not welcome the origin; will not end the difficulties and not only with peers. Having said all that, IQ test may have limited value, but they are only sporadically, and is direct and should not be interpreted in isolation. Alternatively, one test subject, to face a psychologist, as a rule, more informative. 1. In most states, clinical psychologists and neuroscientists are allowed to perform psychological tests, for example, test IQ. Nevertheless, many specialists who conduct such tests do not collect additional data about the client, which is contrary to the use of test results of clients. To demonstrate, none of the testers are always asking me if I brought with mental illness have the representation of anxiety, depression and other mental illnesses, these components have a contradictory influence on the assessment of his IQ. 2. According to Parnes. W. ET. Al. (2010), these investigators concluded that mental illness, in detail, rather than weaken their IQ tags, at least from 3 to 7 points (p.556). To illustrate, those who have high ratings of anxiety rigidly at runtime to verify the IQ, because there is so much strength to do good to those inspections and limited most of the audits. 3. Another component is to assist that some clinical psychologists and neurologists are not aware of the influence of drugs (medical or psychiatric treatment) can reduce their reflectivity. Details, anti-anxiety antidepressants and antipsychotic may weaken one reservation in this well on these tests. To illustrate, if the matter had been granted in recent anti-anxiety medication, but he may give up his concerns, in addition, it can improve its response time, and in many confined to the south of the tests, thus, have a contradictory effect on the results of this question. LITERATURE It appears that intelligence tests are there places to give the proposal a person knowing or disability, if you will examine all aspects of the test results, if not, the results can be devastating, as one by one by one can be wrong all my life, because of the detail that the results are only a suggestion, as someone is on the set of requests and tests. Culture, community deprivation, education and informative background may have an impact on the results (Howe, 1997). Also on the day of the check so many components can affect the results of the example of our feelings, tension and illness (Heim, 1970). It occurs to me that smart checks cover only a few benefits of ownership entity, it does not cover the melodic skills, spatial awareness, both in terms of the main article, inter-and intra-personal understanding, the widespread sense, creativity, imagination, sensitivity, motivation and knowledge to acclimate to the position, and their natural environment, these functions will not be se en as part of the intelligence? From the various shapes which psychologists can not agree on my last demonstration of Vernon that the understanding that an understanding of test estimates and assumptions that IQ test results taken by George Stephenson will. Brings me to the decision that understanding can not be clearly characterized and without unquestionable distinction, we can not estimate ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s indisputable. Discussion The most common understanding of the test used in schools and clinical background Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Third Edition (WAIS-III). Although the WISC-IV has a very high reliability, The most common understanding of the test used in schools and clinical background Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Third Edition (WAIS-III). Although the WISC-IV has a very high reliability, to investigate if it is legitimate, that is, that it proposes measures. WISC-IV is a very verbal test and students, especially those that reduce the socio-economic status, can claim not to do such a real full understanding of the point system. This may be controversial; independently test IQ snapshot of students knowledge and should be used with other assessments, i.e. facts, meetings, assessment scales. David Wechsler was a psychiatrist at Bellevue Hospital in New York. He synthesized check Wechsler Bellevue in 1939, during which a couple of IQ tests were available. It has stood the test of time and will be applied will be changed, revaluation and changes. WAIS-IV is most expected to be available in 2008. Other checks of understanding, which have been used, but less widely general include: Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition (KABC-II) and Stanford Bin Edition (SB-V). Although almost all American universities, training of school psychologists for the WISC-IV, some of fire KABC-II and in favor of SB-V. Some advocate the KABC-II, and dismiss the SB-V. Choosing a better understanding of the test is based on a scientist or an adult needs / abilities are the most significant conclusions to conduct any tests. Reducing bias and was not used to eradicate ADEPT, is important. Intelligence Test will always be used, but in varying degrees. They may be good predictors of the future representation, but also understanding their limitations is important. Argument simply What is intelligence? will be used to deceive and fascinate those intended for education and psychology. School for gifted children? Since when is IQ Fund? Based on the psychology of the background of IQ do not know anything, so little skill or success. For computer monitors young children through IQ tests are conducted online is not indisputable and reliable indicator. Proper assessment of IQ is considered on two components, which include verbal ability, speed of information processing, general information, numbers and logical / perceptual skills of argumentation. These checks are very hard and long, not to mention that it can be done only by the expert therapists and psychologists. Even these tests are the result, the number of which is very random and subjective. Creating a school for gifted children will be more disgusted than positive consequences for humanity and future generations. There may be a sense of elitism, even feelings of rejection and inferiority, for small children, is not recognized in the school. Why strengthen our elitism is currently very segregation of humanity, which are aimed at achieving power and dominant? But such a distinction to be gifted? How do you explain the offspring who receive IQ 140, but did not meet his subjects at school because he was not inspired to learn? Or the offspring, which in better understanding the various non-verbals understanding of the test, but the detection of violations and, therefore, can neither read nor write? How about the Orang Asli young children who do not have the money to pay for good education and does not apply to cultural heritage, and do not have access to the Internet to do the test IQ? Some may do poorly in an IQ test, but it means that they are stupid or not gifted? Why fast need to focus on intelligent young children to be cared for, to be smarter when unattended for a long time we are faced with situations, persons with an indication of violation. RM80mil fed to make intelligent young children are more intelligent than to neglect other young children who are average or less intelligent. Lets not go into detail, what people are doing most of the population. Are we destined to leave them in the classroom because they do not receive recognition or other entity? Humanity is now appreciated and acknowledged that the details of the equalizer and public awareness much more obligations sign of success. People who possess this understanding is much more attractive for the round and ability to endure and prosper in the real world. Let us recognize that the key to a prosperous time has the knowledge to understand and apply to a person, not just on the basis of assessment among the most rapid and tends to interpret an abstract form and the logical place. Lets move on to equip our young children with these skills. Bought in cash in the schools for gifted can be used to add a point of view of psychology in high school, or helping young children with adversity, and not opening. Let us build a large area, in general, rather than part of a large nationality if it is legitimate, i.e., that it proposes measures. WISC-IV is a very verbal test and students, especially those which reduce the socio-economic rank, may not present so do not do real full understanding of the score scale. This may be controversial; independently, IQ test snapshot of a students knowledge and should be used with other estimates, i.e. facts, meetings, rating scales. David Wechsler was a psychiatrist at Bellevue Hospital in New York. He synthesized check Wechsler Bellevue in 1939, during which the couple IQ test were available. It has stood the test of time and will apply to be changed, Re-valuation, and change. WAIS-IV is most expected to be available in 2008. Other checks of understanding, which were used, but less widely general include: Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition (KABC-II) and Stanford Bin edition (SB-V). Although almost all American universities train school psychologists on WISC-IV, some dismiss KABC-II and in favor of SB-V. Some advocate the KABC-II, and dismiss the SB-V. Choosing a better understanding of the test is based on a scientist or an adult needs / abilities are the most significant conclusions before conducting any tests. Reducing bias and not accustomed to eradicate ADEPT, is essential. Intelligence test will always be used, but in varying degrees. They may be good predictors of the future representation, but understanding their limitations is important. The argument is simply What is intelligence? will apply to deception and enthrall those intended for education and psychology. School for gifted children? Since when is IQ an endowment? Based on the psychology of the background of IQ is not known any thing, the smallest such skill or success. For computer monitors young children through IQ testing conducted online are not indisputable and reliable indicator. Proper assessment of IQ is considered on a couple of components that cover verbal ability, processing rate, general information, numbers and logical / perceptual skills of argumentation. These checks are very intense and long, not to mention that it can only be held expert therapists and psychologists. Even these checks are the result, a number that is very random and subjective. Creating a school for gifted children will be more disgusted than positive consequences for humanity and future generations. There may be a sense of elitism, even a sense of rejection and inferiority, for small children, is not recognized in the school. Why strengthen our elitism is currently very segregation of humanity, which focused on achieving power and dominant? But such a distinction to be gifted? How do you explain the offspring who receive IQ 140, but does not meet his subjects in school because he was not inspired to learn? Or the offspring who are in a better understanding of the various non-verbal test understanding, but the detection of disorders and, thus, can neither read nor write? How about the Orang Asli young children who do not have cash to pay for good education and not extended to the built heritage, and does not have access to the Internet to do the test IQ? Some may do poorly on the test IQ, but it means that they are stupid or not gifted? Why fast need to focus on intelligent young children to be cared for, to be smarter when unattended for a long time we are confronted with situations, persons with identification of violations. RM80mil fed to commit intellectual young children smarter to neglect other young children who are average or less intelligent. Lets not go in detail, what do people make the most of the population. Are we destined to leave them in the classroom because they do not receive the recognition or other education? Mankind today is appreciated and acknowledged that the details of the equalizer and public understanding is far more obligations sign of success. People who own such understanding are far more attractive to the round and ability to endure and prosper in the real world. Let us recognize that the key to a prosperous time has the knowledge to understand and apply to a person, not just on the basis of assessment among the most rapid and tends to interpret the abstract forms and the logical spot. Let us move towards equipping our young children with those skills. Bought in cash in schools gifted can be used to add terms of psychology in secondary schools, or helping young children with adversity, and not opening. Analysis James Flynn is not the man to quietly begin to retire. Emeritus Professor at the University of Otego in New Zealand, he still teaches and researches energetically 73. He says the investment and the collection of left-of-center party alliance. He has published in the foundation, which will be his own last sentence in the relative between the rush and IQ. In the summer after he learns the world is talking about What is the mind, edition was published in October in which he groups in its interpretation of the mystery of who bears his name: increased IQ of life in a generation. Your IQ is expected to be higher than that of your parents, and IQ, your children, is expected to be higher than you. Our advantage over our ancestors more consistently across all age groups from cradle to grave states Flynn. Nobody knows if the income will continue, but there is no doubt that they are overridden by 20 100 years and that their realities and dimensions were quite unexpected. He was horrified, so as not to offend. In July, when a reporter asked him about New Zealands Census numbers show that less educated women bring more small children, he said that the trend is to use a high down force of the earth by the average intelligence as the average height will decrease if the person was short and more children than young big. Flynn went on the assumption that if future technological improvements designed contraceptives can be put into the water, so that the antidote should be taken to develop a child, each offspring will be fond of children. Others learned described his concepts as absolutely disgusting. New Zealand Childrens Commissioner said he was in dangerous territory. And Flynn? He said that he was simply too Vintage to be concerned about offending anyone. What makes the concept of Flynn on understanding, haste and the government increasingly getting their liberalism? They have their genesis in his time at the University of Chicago, half of 100 years ago. In 1951, mature 17, he went to the Midwest from his village lived in Washington, DC, to study politics. Liberal concept was in the air. Nine years earlier, some scientists from the University helped to found the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). Young smart, Flynn was awarded the BA after one year, and continued to do a masters degree and doctorate. In his first lessons of the work at the University of East Kentucky, he became head of a separate section of CORE and, as a result, has found their work untenable. He moved to the north, in Lake Forest, a liberal-arts school back in Chicago, Thus, in 1963, he moved to New Zealand, taking its interest in the liberal conception of him. And in 1980 he composed the publication of Race, IQ and Jensen, arguing that the reason IQs of black Americans behind whites was not genetic inferiority, as some understanding of the investigators covering Jensen. Was initiated gap, Flynn is considered among the huge differences between these two groups. Therefore, it can be closed. He believes, as between the two world wars, blacks were tapered gap with white to test the mental skills that the American infantry recruits were used for computer display. His opponents objected that such a check only listed school-taught information, and that the gap will remain constant at any purer test of cognitive abilities. To check them properly, Flynn needed to show that the Corps verify the validity of assessments of understanding, not just training. He began to wander about the leadership of the two most widely used IQ tests look how well they correlate with those used by infantry. Both Stanford-Bitnet and Wechsler tests were seen as a good grade in his native intelligence so if the identical person, usually do so as to test their IQ and infantry, it would strengthen his case that there were cognitive gains among Americans is very dark. Flynn found nothing applicable to his look, but it is something extra point, something very strange. IQ test revised from time to time to restore the outside of the date of request ( typewriters has given way to computer, yes, Ted phrases like delicious were dropped before the date of jargon as operational). In the matter of completeness group calculates average on both versions will be released in test manuals. And much, usually attractive, Assembly Tally up the Vintage tests. IQ calculation shows how to assess whether the nominee with a large standardization sample of individuals who have to check when it was first introduced. Breakthrough Flynn showed that individuals who were used to calibrate the previous audits were consistently easier to beat the testing agencies. Now, Flynn found him much bolder. And not only one deprived groups black Americans making cognitive gains, could mean the person can not be getting smarter? He looked at all the studies in which a lone Assembly was granted two checks, one calibrated to others. By 1984, he gathered the results from more than 7000 subjects, as well as about a dozen blends of tests. And they are sharp to a startling conclusion: White Americans have been gradually taking advantage of round three-tenths Issue IQ per year for nearly half a century. In 1984, he released a document saying so. This does not guarantee its critics. As far as they were concerned, all that has been verified that the IQ test was a lot more borrowing from the general improvement in education, and far from excellent collection of native speaker than previously thought. IQ counts tend to remain fairly steady the whole life of older individuals, as well as a study of twins who were separated at birth suggested that genetic inheritance had more influence than any environmental factor. The fact that Americans white Americans, no less can be reliably getting smarter, and surprisingly quickly, appeared unthinkable. Flynn looked at more remote locations. I received some notoriety because of my article 84, he explains. So I felt I could make up the infantry administration in each home, provided that the mental checks and verification offices throughout the world that I knew. Not all of them answered, but some of them. And this was the answer he received from the dreary November Saturday in 1984, with the PA Vroom, a Dutch psychologist Flynn assured that he was on certain things deeper meaning. It consisted of the audit is called Raven, managing up to 18-year-old Dutch conscripts from 1952 to 1982. This is one of the cleanest test innate intelligence. The problem is in the place of ordered structures in the form of assembly and loads them for it. There are no sentences, no school-taught skills and general knowledge. During those three decades, the average Tally rose 20 points. It was a huge benefit. Does that 18-year-old with a medium Tally in 1982 do better than all but a tenth of the male juvenile identical age who was tested three decades ago. Just as convincing a random experiment of the most recent meeting it was agreed with their own fathers, and children were matched 18 points higher. During the next year, Flynn received the facts and figures from other 13 countries, all of which are shown IQ gains. Today, no one question remains: IQ, increased throughout the 20 the century. Nearly 30 countries, some Evolved, some developing countries, noted the benefits. The whole world got smarter and faster. Conclusion In a small (very small) way. IQ tests mainly on data processing. Much faster, one does (effectiveness), and right: wrong ratio better than its Tally (completeness), the higher the score. However, some young children with high IQ do terrible in a normal school (for example, state public K-12). The reason for this is the most regular of boredom, as people tend not to pay to blunt the vigilance of topics / situations. With a high IQ, some topics may appear very simple to scientists, resulting in them, and push to spend unnecessary allowances to maintain mental effort on. Divergent questions, young children with low IQ, not necessarily D / F students. The cause of offspring with low IQ will do badly in school, usually because of unfavorable conditions in the understanding of the topic, and thus they may need added, personalized assistance from a teacher / educator. But, allegedly, a reduction in IQ does not mean the offspring will mean perform in school. I saw most regularly causes a red uction in IQ detection of disability (dyslexia, dyscalculia, ADD / ADHD, etc.) or the offspring can only approve tests (quite common in very minor children). Keep in mind that in this situation, the child in understanding not portrayed as poor. IQ tests only assess the PACE and understanding, which does not say how intelligent offspring. Conclusion: The IQ test is no experience to predict if the offspring will do well or do not attend school. Only time and know-how, I can say. Most people have very limited knowledge of the functional consequences of testing IQ. Many believe IQ tests only as an entertainment tool. However, statistical facts and figures reveal important connections between IQ test tags and many communities are important components, like scholastic presentation, opening the qualifications..

Urban Legend of Bloody Mary :: Urban Legends Ghost Stories

Bloody Mary Often, the story of â€Å"Bloody Mary† is the first story of supernatural form that is told to many individuals as young children. When I was in 3rd grade, a group of friends and I got together to have a sleepover; naturally, we all went to my friend’s basement and started telling scary stories. One of my friends told me that if I went into the bathroom without any lights and said â€Å"Bloody Mary† three times in front of a mirror, a bloody figure would appear. This urban legend was told by a nineteen year old woman at the University of Maryland who is originally from West Point, New York. She is currently a sophomore majoring in architecture. On the night of March 30, 2007, a group of friends and I got together in the 4th floor lounge of LaPlata. In the midst of discussion, the topic of scary stories came up, and at about midnight, the storyteller started telling her version of â€Å"Bloody Mary.† She paused for a moment and started talking about the origins of the urban legend. She said that â€Å"Bloody Mary† is a reference to Mary Queen of Scots, a Scottish monarch. Apparently, Mary Queen of Scots would bathe in the blood of virgins in order to look young and vibrant. The storyteller said that virgins were viewed as being pure, so exposure to their blood would make an individual look beautiful. The storyteller paused and said, â€Å"Now it’s time to get to the good part.† She said that an individual needs a candle, a lighter, a dark room, and a mirror. An individual would take the unlit candle and put it in front of the mirror with the lighter in his or her hand. The individual would spin around while chanting â€Å"Bloody Mary† seven times. As soon as he or she finished, the individual would immediately turn to the mirror and light the candle. After the candle is lit, a figure with a bloody face would appear in the mirror and kill the individual! As we all looked in awe, I asked her if she ever tried it, and she said that she was never able to do it because she was too frightened. Even though many of her friends did it and came out alive, the storyteller said that she could never have the courage to do it because it was too scary for her. Urban Legend of Bloody Mary :: Urban Legends Ghost Stories Bloody Mary Often, the story of â€Å"Bloody Mary† is the first story of supernatural form that is told to many individuals as young children. When I was in 3rd grade, a group of friends and I got together to have a sleepover; naturally, we all went to my friend’s basement and started telling scary stories. One of my friends told me that if I went into the bathroom without any lights and said â€Å"Bloody Mary† three times in front of a mirror, a bloody figure would appear. This urban legend was told by a nineteen year old woman at the University of Maryland who is originally from West Point, New York. She is currently a sophomore majoring in architecture. On the night of March 30, 2007, a group of friends and I got together in the 4th floor lounge of LaPlata. In the midst of discussion, the topic of scary stories came up, and at about midnight, the storyteller started telling her version of â€Å"Bloody Mary.† She paused for a moment and started talking about the origins of the urban legend. She said that â€Å"Bloody Mary† is a reference to Mary Queen of Scots, a Scottish monarch. Apparently, Mary Queen of Scots would bathe in the blood of virgins in order to look young and vibrant. The storyteller said that virgins were viewed as being pure, so exposure to their blood would make an individual look beautiful. The storyteller paused and said, â€Å"Now it’s time to get to the good part.† She said that an individual needs a candle, a lighter, a dark room, and a mirror. An individual would take the unlit candle and put it in front of the mirror with the lighter in his or her hand. The individual would spin around while chanting â€Å"Bloody Mary† seven times. As soon as he or she finished, the individual would immediately turn to the mirror and light the candle. After the candle is lit, a figure with a bloody face would appear in the mirror and kill the individual! As we all looked in awe, I asked her if she ever tried it, and she said that she was never able to do it because she was too frightened. Even though many of her friends did it and came out alive, the storyteller said that she could never have the courage to do it because it was too scary for her.

Piaget and Vygotsky: compare and contrast Essay

Everyday life is characterized by conscious purpose. From reaching for food to designing an experiment, our actions are directed at goals. This purpose reveals itself partly in our conscious awareness and partly in the organization of our thoughts and actions. Cognition, as defined as â€Å"†¦ the activity of knowing and the processes through which knowledge is acquired† (Shaffer et al., 2002), is the process involved in thinking and mental activity, such as attention, memory and problem solving. Much past and present theory has emphasized the parallels between the articulated prepositional structure of language and the structure of an internal code or ‘language of thought’. In this paper I will discuss language and cognition and two famous theorists who were both influential in forming a more scientific approach to analyzing the process of cognitive development: Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Jean Piaget was known for his establishment of the four major perio ds of cognitive development. Lev Vygotsky was the complement to Piaget’s theory with his sociocultural perspective on cognitive development. Both were keenly interested in the relationship of thinking and language learning. Jean Jacques Piaget was born in Neuchà ¢tel, Switzerland on August 9, 1896. His father, Arthur Piaget, was a professor in Medieval Literature. His mother, Rebecca Jackson, was an intelligent woman but Jean found her a little bit  neurotic. When he was in his late youth he had a faith crisis. His mother encouraged him to attend church to only found it foolish. So he had decided to focus less on philosophy and more on psychology (Smith, L.). Piaget attended the University of Neuchà ¢tel. There he studied natural sciences. He then attended the University of Zà ¼rich were he gained an interest in psychoanalysis. In 1919, he went to Paris, France where he met Dr. Simon at the Binet Laboratory. While in Paris, Piaget planned and administered many reading tests to school children and became interested not in their correct answers, but in their incorrect answers. He wanted to explore the reasoning process that children have. By 1921 he began to publish his research findings. He developed a new way of questioning the children; it was a psychiatric method of question and response. It is called the methode clinique or the clinical method. The clinical method is a type of interview in which a participant’s response to each successive question (or problem) determines what the investigator will ask (Shaffer et al., 2002). Piaget was interested in learning the differences between a child’s acquisitions of knowledge compared to an adult’s. He formed the theory that the growth of knowledge is a progressive construction of logically embedded structures superseding one another by a process of inclusion of lower less powerful logical means into higher and more powerful ones up to adulthood. Therefore, children’s logic and modes of thinking are initially entirely different from those of adults† (Smith, L.). By the time Piaget died in Geneva in 1980, he had written over 300 papers, book chapters and introductions as well as thirty boo ks on cognitive development. Piaget’s idea was that children had learned through action. He believed that children are born with and acquire schemas, or concepts for how to act and respond to the world. As children explore their world, they form and reform ideas in their minds. The more actively involved children are, the more knowledge is gained. McGee and Richgels (1996) note, â€Å"Because children construct their own knowledge, this knowledge does not come fully developed and is often quite different from that of an adult† (p.7). Accordingly, the Piagetian perspective of literacy acquisition emphasizes a child’s stages of development and reflects â€Å"concepts of reading and writing as the child has constructed them,† state McGee and Richgels (1996, p. 10). They add,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Children ‘s concepts of reading and writing are shaped more by what they accomplished in preceding developmental stages than by their simply imitating adults’ behavior or following adultsâ€⠄¢ directions† (p. 10). Piaget believed that children are born with the innate tendency to try to organize the way in which they think about their environment, that is, to make sense out of it. He believed that human beings organize the material about the environment in different ways as they mature. These mental changes are related to an interaction between age and environment. Piaget further believed that his theory was universal, that the stages of development he outlined would exist in all societies. He viewed the development of the child’s cognitive ability as a four-stage process. Children would move up through the stages in a fixed order. He assigned estimations of age for each of the four stages, but did not see the process as connected to specific ages. Piaget’s theory identifies four developmental stages and the processes by which children progress through them. The four stages are as follows: Sensorimotor stage (birth – 2 years old)–The child, through physical interaction with his or her environment, builds a set of concepts about reality and how it works. This is the stage where a child does not know that physical objects remain in existence even when out of sight (object permanence). Preoperational stage (ages 2-7)–The child is not yet able to conceptualize abstractly and needs concrete physical situations. Concrete operations (ages 7-11)–As physical experience accumulates, the child starts to conceptualize, creating logical structures that explain his or her physical experiences. Abstract problem solving is also possible at this stage. For example, arithmetic equations can be solved with numbers, not just with objects. Formal operations (beginning at ages 11-15)–By this point, the child’s cognitive structures are like those of an adult and include conceptual reasoning (Shaffer et al., 2002). While Piaget did not conduct cross-cultural research, his research in Switzerland was comprehensive. As the text points out, Piaget’s original observations and hypotheses were based on his observations of his own three children. He then tested his theories by designing experiments for children to perform. These experiments were passed on to teachers being trained at  the institute. Over the years, Piaget and these teachers have conducted an estimated 20,000 of his various experiments. For example, if one child had been taken on trips around the world, spent much time in museums, and read many books, she might be prepared to move up to the next stage at an earlier age than a child who spent his time playing video games and watching TV all day (Driscoll, 1994). Piaget accounted for varying levels of preparedness by explaining that each child possessed a schema, and that a child could not move to the next stage until his or her schema was at a threshold level. Schemata were expanded through what Piaget termed as assimilation (adding to prior knowledge) and accommodation (changing prior knowledge to fit new information). In this manner, children adapt to situations in response to their need for equilibrium (solving dilemmas; mastering skills). A soccer player who wishes to be a scorer, but lacks aiming skills, may practice at shooting at the goal until she assimilates knowledge of which angle to shoot from and how hard to kick the ball. When she adjusts her tactic (via accommodation) and score a goal, she moves from disequilibrium to equilibrium. Physical maturation, activities and socializing with peers to learn from them are all factors that can or do promote growth in schema (Driscoll, 1994). Piaget believed that children who speak aloud in the presence of others will sometimes adapt their speech to take into consideration the hearer(s) but at other times would direct their remarks to no-one in particular and there would be no evidence that the child was attempting to take into account the knowledge or interests of a specific listener. Piaget called this egocentric speech – the inability of the child to separate their own perspective from those of other people. Piaget saw egocentric speech as being the reflection of thought processes of the young child, and he investigated this in detail. He saw egocentric speech as having no apparent function in the child’s behaviour, so it would have no reason to survive, eventually fading away as the child became more aware of the distinctions between themselves and others (Piaget, 1955). Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky was born in the U.S.S.R. in 1896, the same year  Piaget was born. His active career as a psychologist was only around 10 years long. He graduated with a law degree at the Moscow University. After graduation, he started teaching at various institutions. Vygotsky’s first big research project was in 1925 with his Psychology of Art. A few years later, he pursued a career as a psychologist working with Alexander Luria and Alexei Leontiev. Together, they began the Vygotskian approach to psychology. Vygotsky had no formal training in psychology but it showed that he was fascinated by it. After his death of tuberculosis in 1934, his ideas were repudiated by the government; however, his ideas were kept alive by his students. While agreeing with Piaget that the child is an active learner, Vygotsky placed more emphasis on the child’s interaction with the social environment. Whereas Piaget visualizes the young child as a natural scientist, experimenting with the environment, Vygotsky sees the child as needing assistance at a critical point; he refers to the range of skills that a child can exercise with assistance but cannot perform independently as the zone of proximal development. With guidance or assistance from parents, adults, or even older children, the child is able to master a more difficult task or concept. In contrast to Piaget, Vygotsky believed that the child requires more socialization for cognitive development. While recognizing that maturation is important in cognitive development, he placed less emphasis on it. Language and cognition emerge in development at about the same time and are intertwined. Children build new concepts by interacting with others who either provide feedback for their hypotheses or help them accomplish a task (McGee & Richgels, 1996). Vygotsky suggested that learning is a matter of internalizing the language and actions of others. According to McGee and Richgels (1996), â€Å"Vygotsky believed that children need to be able to talk about a new problem or a new concept in order to understand it and use it† (p. 8). As the child discusses a problem or task with an adult, the adult supplies language to assist the child in solving the problem; the child gradually internalizes the language until the task can be completed independently (McGee & Richgels, 1996). The instructional technique in which  the teacher models the desired learning strategy or task and then gradually shifts responsibility to the students is called scaffolding. Vygotsky perceived the process of cognitive development as less segmented and rigid than Piaget had. He believed that children learned from in two ways: from tools and from more capable peers and adults. Tools could be anything in the environment that children use to help them advance intellectually (e.g., the internet, cultural artifacts). He advocated that children be placed in learning contexts which were raised just slightly above their existing ability so that they would step up to reach the next level. For Vygotsky, learning was a social process from the beginning. Children learned only by interacting with adults, not with peers who were at there level of cognition. The adult provides the child with assisted learning and scaffolding until the zone of proximal development has been removed. An example of this might involve a mother teaching her child how to drink from a cup. The mother could model the action for the child; the mother could then hold the cup up to the childâ€℠¢s mouth; following that, the child could attempt to raise the cup to her own mouth; finally, the mother would help the child coordinate the activity until the child she has acquired the skill. A main area Piaget and Vygotsky are both concerned about is the relationship between language and thought. This is the concept in which they show great dissimilarity. As preschoolers go through their daily activities, they frequently talk out loudly to themselves as they play and explore the environment. Piaget called these utterances egocentric speech, a term expressing his belief that they reflect the preoperational child’s inability to imagine the perspectives of others (Piaget, 1955). Piaget believed that egocentric speech reflects an inability to take the perspective of others, and plays no useful role in development. Vygotsky believed that a child’s use of private speech – talking to himself/herself – is not an example of egocentrism but rather is pre-social conversation. Vygotsky placed a high value on private speech because it enables the child not only to practice talking but also to plan activities. Some modern investigators have suggested that private speech is a process of  planning out loud – for example, when you are going to a new place, you verbalize the instructions for getting there aloud to yourself. It is an important developmental phenomenon, which helps children to organise and regulate thinking. As the Western world has more time to assimilate Vygotsky’s ideas, we may discover other contributions that are important in the cognitive development of young children (Vygotsky, 1962). There are two cases of Piaget and Vygotsky’s differences that stand out the most in their world. First, Vygotsky was critical of Piaget’s assumption that developmental growth was independent of experience and based on a universal characteristic. Vygotsky asserted that development is complex and is effected by social and cultural contexts. Biological and cultural development are interrelated and do not develop in isolation. Vygotsky believed that intellectual development was continually evolving without an end point. Second, the other conflict between Vygotsky and Piaget was the latter’s explanation of development as the notion that concepts should not be taught until children are in the appropriate developmental stage. This conflicts with Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development (ZPD) and developmental theories. Vygotsky noted that instruction that is oriented toward development is ineffective concerning the child’s overall development. Both Vygotsky and Piaget were exceptional men with theories that have helped shaped the world of psychology. Piaget believed the universal acquisition of knowledge occurs within a four stage process. The Vygotskian perspective of cognitive development emphasizes social interaction but places less emphasis on stages of behavior. Although both theories had conflicted with one another, it is true to believe that Vygotsky had built his educational theories on the strengths of Piaget’s. References: Driscoll, M. P. (1994). Psychology of learning for instruction. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Evans, R. (1973). Jean Piaget: The Man and His Ideas. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc. Hall, Wayne and Drinnin, Beverly. Instructor’s Resources for Discovering Psychology. New York: Worth Publishers, 2000, p. 254. McGee, L.M., & Richgels, D.J. (1996). Literacy’s beginnings: Supporting young readers and writers (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Moll, Louis C. (1994). Vygotsky and Education: Instructional implications and applications of sociohistorical psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press. Piaget, J. (1955). The language and thought of the child. New York: Meridian Books. Shaffer, D. R., Wood, E., & Willoughby, T. (2002). Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Adolescence, First Canadian Edition. Toronto: Thomson/Nelson. Smith, L. (1997). Jean Piaget. In N. Sheehy, A. Chapman. W.Conroy (eds). Biographical Dictionary of Psychology. London: Routledge. Vygotsky, L. S. (1962). Thought and Language. Cambridge: MIT Press.